Histological and Histopathological Evaluation of the Testis

by Lonnie D. Russell, Robert Ettlin, Amiya P. Sinha Hikim, and Eric D. Clegg

Researchers and pathologists who are interested in male reproduction will find this book invaluable. With over 700 illustrations it is a visual encyclopedia of testis structure and pathology of use to both beginner and expert. High quality diagrams of spermatogenic cell staging maps for rat, mouse or dog are available separately.

High quality graphics of the stages in spermatogenesis for a variety of animals are now available on the Stages 2.2 CD-ROM

This unique guide features:

• First book devoted to evaluation of the testis
• Available in CD-ROM or hardback versions
• 286 pages - 8.5" x 11" - hardback - 728 illustrations
• Detailed staging descriptions for rat, mouse and dog
• Detailed coverage of histopathology
• Preparations for testis tissue evaluation including perfusion
• Histopathology and risk assessment

286 pages - Hardback - ISBN 0-962742-20-1 $79.95

 

Table of Contents

	Forword	VII
	Preface	IX
	Acknowledgments	XII
1	MAMMALIAN SPERMATOGENESIS
	Organization of the Testis	1
	Spermatogenesis	4
	Proliferative Phase	4
	Meiotic Phase	8
	Spermiogenic Phase	20
	Nuage	28
	The Sertoli Cell, Structure & Function	29
	Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis	36
	Other Factors Controlling Spermatogenesis	37
	References	38
2	THE CLASSIFICATION AND TIMING OF SPERMATOGENESIS
	Stages of Spermatogenesis and Steps of Spermiogenesis	41
	The Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium	42
	Organization Along the Length of a Seminiferous Tubule	45
	Utility of Staging	48
	Staging for Various Species	49
	Synchronous Development of Germ Cells	49
	Synchronized Development of Different Cell Types Within a Cell Association	51
	Timing of Spermatogenesis: Length of Stages	53
	Spermatogenesis: in the Human	54
	Historical Perspective on the Classification of Spermatogenesis	55
	References	57
3	STARTING STAGING	59
4	STAGING FOR LABORATORY SPECIES	62
	Staging for the Rat	63
	Staging for the Mouse	119
	Staging for the Dog	162
	References	193
5	TISSUE PREPARATION FOR EVALUATION OF THE TESTIS	195
	Fixative Application Methods
	Immersion	196
	Vascular Perfusion	197
	Fixatives	199
	Embedding Media	200
	Tissue Staining	200
	Schemes to Improve Experimental Design	201
	General Protocols Used to Prepare Testis for Histological Analysis	201
	Immersion Fixation Using Formalin	201
	Resources	209
6	HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE TESTIS
	Quantitative Interruption of Spermatogenesis	210
	Effect on the Division Pattern of Stem Cells	210
	Increased Germ Cell Degeneration	211
	Arrest and Retardation of Spermatogenesis	211
	Failure of Sperm Release	213
	Sloughing of Germ Cells	214
	Qualitative Interruption of Spermatogenesis	215
	Recognizing and Identifying Degenerating Cells	215
	Determining the Site of Interruption of Spermatogenesis by Examining Degenerating Cells	228
	Morphological Patterns of Response	229
	Examples of Morphological Patterns of Response and Shared Responses	231
	Mechanistic Interpretations from Morphological Patterns of Response	233
	Design of Experiments for Histopathological Evaluation of the Testis	233
	Effect of Sacrifice Interval on the Morphological Pattern of Response	234
	Dosing	239
	Route of Administration	239
	Qualitative Evaluation of Testis Histopathology	240
	The Intertubular Tissue	241
	The Boundary Tissue	241
	Focal or Scattered Damage to Tubules	241
	Multinucleate Giant Cell	245
	Sertoli Cell Damage	246
	Failure of Sperm Release	249
	Missing Germ Cells	249
	Abnormalities in Germ Cells and Germ Cell Development	249
	Absence of a Tubular Lumen	253
	Increase in Lipid Content	253
	Disruption of the Sertoli Cell Barrier	253
	Quantitative Evaluation of Testis Histopathology	254
	Testis Weights	255
	Fertility Studies	255
	Subjective Scoring of the Status of Spermatogenesis	257
	Tubular Diameter Measurements	258
	Determination of Sperm Production	258
	Cell Ratios	259
	Use of Morphometry	259
	Computer Assisted Morphometry	264
	References	264
7	HISTOPATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE TESTIS IN TOXICOLOGIC TESTING AND RISK ASSESSMENT	267
	Overview	267
	Toxicologic Testing and Risk Assessment	267
	General Approach	267
	Protocols	268
	Variables Considered in Testing	268
	End Points for Evaluation of Spermatogenesis	269
	End Points for Evaluation of Sperm Production	269
	End Points Measured in Standard Protocols	270
	Duration of Exposure and Testis Histopathology	270
	Selection of Histopathologic End Point(s)	271
	Fixation, Embedding and Staining for Toxicologic Testing	273
	Fixation	273
	Selection of Fixative and Embedding Medium	274
	Staining	274
	Use of Testis Histopathology in Risk Assessment	274
	References	275
	APPENDIX A: METHOD OF PERFUSION FIXATION	277
	Abstract	277
	Introduction	277
	Materials and Methods	277
	Results and Discussion	279
	References	280
	Index	283

 

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